Essay on Book Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow

Book Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow Prior to the 1950s, very little research had been done on the history and nature of the United States’ policies toward and relationships with African Americans, particularly in the South. To most historians, white domination and unequal treatment of Negroes were assumed to be constants of the political and social landscapes since the nation’s conception. Prominent Southern historian C. Vann Woodward, however, permanently changed history’s naà ¯ve understanding of race in America through his book entitled The Strange Career of Jim Crow. His provocative thesis explored evidence that had previously been overlooked by historians and gave a fresh foundation for more research on the topic of†¦show more content†¦Answering this radical turn of events, Woodward published a third edition of Strange Career in 1974 to discuss the ambiguity faced by many African Americans in opposing the principles of Jim Crow laws while maintaining a distinctive racial identity . His research and continual revisions made The Strange Career of Jim Crow an undeniable force of the time with praise hailing from civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. who referred to it as â€Å"the historical bible of the civil rights movement.† In The Strange Career of Jim Crow Woodward claimed that the segregation that eventually appeared in the South was not an unavoidable consequence of slavery and Reconstruction. He stated that although slavery was commonly practiced across the region, â€Å"segregation would have been an inconvenience and an obstruction to the functioning† of Southern society and systems. Slavery, despite its basis in white superiority, had promoted an unavoidable intimacy and association between the races, as seen from the prevalence in mulattoes and residential intermixing. Woodward went on to theorize that segregation and the notion of Jim Crow were not even original products of the South; instead, they had been developed and advanced in the North before being exported to the South. He pointed to the well-developed system of segregation thatShow MoreRelatedHistorical Significance of Multiple Books on Jim Crows Life and Career1254 Words   |  5 PagesNetwork Resources Inc. Class/Section 11 December 2012 Strange Career of Jim Crow Significance The author of this report is asked to answer to a series of specific questions as it relates to a certain book written about Jim Crow and the wider historical and social significance of the same. The Supreme Court decision that involved Jim Crow and the separation of blacks and whites is to be discussed as well as a general reaction to the book. All of this and more will be covered. The Woodward workRead MoreThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward1063 Words   |  5 PagesWoodward wrote The Strange Career of Jim Crow for a purpose. His purpose was to enlighten people about the history of the Jim Crow laws in the South. Martin Luther King Jr. called Woodward’s book, â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† (221) Martin Luther King Jr.’s quote revealed the true importance of Woodward’s book. Woodard’s book significance was based on it revealing the strange, forgotten facets of the Jim Crow laws. Assumptions about the Jim C row’s career have existed sinceRead MoreEssay A Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow1072 Words   |  5 PagesA Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s most famous work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, was written in 1955. It chronicles the birth, formation, and end of Jim Crow laws in the Southern states. Often, the Jim Crow laws are portrayed as having been instituted directly after the Civil War’s end, and having been solely a Southern brainchild. However, as Woodward, a native of Arkansas points out, the segregationist Jim Crow laws and policies were not fully a part ofRead More The Voice of Billie Holiday Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesbut as a black woman was discriminated against even as an artist(Davis 2). Holiday started her career as a young woman, and was talented enough to start her career as a singer; when most black women her age were forced into a dancing career, due to the white-male dominated entertainment industry. Holiday sang jazz songs that varied from My Man, a song about a man who beats her, to Strange Fruit, a haunting protest song about lynching in the American So uth.   Tony Bennett once stated aboutRead MoreLife Interview Review Essay3177 Words   |  13 PagesLife Review Interview Aminata Conteh Professor Sandra Hill-Williams SOWK 505 8-18-2012 Introduction When I saw Ms. Mary Walker, the word â€Å"Old† does not even cross my mind. I was very surprised when I found out her age. It seemed strange that a woman of this age could show so much youth, little wrinkles, mobility, and did not cough every ten seconds as an indicator of good health. Identifying her as an individual in the 68 + age range seemed misleading but a glance at her salt and pepper afroRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesfather, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressedRead MoreLogical Re asoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning

Frosts Mending Wall Essay - 960 Words

Robert Frosts Mending Wall represents two opposing ideas through its dialogue between two neighbors. The narrator represents a newer way of thinking while his neighbor embodies an older mindset. In the poem the two neighbors are repairing a wall or fence that separates their property line. Although neither of the two men has anything that could cross the fence, the young man has apple trees and the old farmer has pines. The wall has been broken down by the winter that sends the frozen ground swell under it and by the work of hunters (Frost 1177-1178). The two men work together to repair the wall, a task that seems unnecessary to the young narrator. The older neighbor cannot fathom the thought of not having a wall or boundary to†¦show more content†¦The man cannot understand why his neighbor cannot move beyond the past and what he was taught. In Carol Frosts article, Frosts Way of Speaking, she says, The first person speaker in the poem wishes his wall-mending partner would s peak for himself and think for himself. (Carol Frost 125). The narrator sees no reason for a wall to separate him from his neighbor, he points out several reasons the wall served no purpose to his neighbor. Neither men have anything that would harm the other, neither have presented an offense to the other, and no matter how many times they mend the wall, it will still be broken down again. The old neighbor, however, does not budge on his demand that the wall be repaired and continue to stand between them. Good fences make good neighbors (Frost 1178). This line is repeated several times in Mending Wall. This phrase is the embodiment of what the old neighbor believes. His father told him that good fences made good neighbors, and he stands firm in his belief in the truth of that statement. His young partner seems to believe that the only reason the man believes in his statement is because his Father told him to or because it is embedded into his way of thinking. William G. ODonnell points out the significance in the old farmer being compared to `an old-stone savage moving about in the darkness,Show MoreRelated Working Together in Robert Frosts Mending Wall Essay869 Words   |  4 PagesWorking Together in Robert Frosts Mending Wall The air is cool and crisp. Roosters can be heard welcoming the sun to a new day and a woman is seen, wearing a clean colorful wrap about her body and head, her shadow casting a lone silhouette on the stone wall. The woman leans over to slide a piece of paper into one of the cracks, hoping her prayer will be heard in this city of Jerusalem. Millions are inserting their prayers into the walls of Japanese temples, while an inmate in one of aRead MoreRobert Frosts Mending Wall1183 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frosts Mending Wall In his poem Mending Wall, Robert Frost presents to us the thoughts of barriers linking people, communication, friendship and the sense of security people gain from barriers. His messages are conveyed using poetic techniques such as imagery, structure and humor, revealing a complex side of the poem as well as achieving an overall light-hearted effect. Robert Frost has cleverly intertwined both a literal and metaphoric meaning into the poem, using the mending of a tangibleRead MoreAnalyzing Robert Frosts Mending Wall1475 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing Robert Frost’s â€Å"Mending Wall† Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th in 1874. Robert Frost s personal life was filled with grief and insecurities. When he was 11, his father died of tuberculosis, his mother died of cancer years after, and his sister was confined into a mental institution where she also later died. Elinor and Robert Frost had six children together. One of their sons died of cholera, one son committed suicide, one of their daughters died afterRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frosts Mending Wall995 Words   |  4 Pages Mending Wall† is a poem by the twentieth century American poet Robert Frost. Whenever we learn about poetry in school, Robert Frost has always been one of my favorite poets (along with Charlotte Brontà «). Poems like The Road Not Taken† and Nothing Gold Can Stay† were always my favorites. I remember reading Mending Wall† sometime freshman or sophomore year, and it had intrigued me. We hadnt looked to deep into the poem as much as I would have liked. All of his poems have thisRead More Robert Frosts Mending Wall Essay535 Words   |  3 PagesRobert Frosts Mending Wall Traditions have always had a substantial effect on the lives of human beings, and always will. Robert Frost uses many unique poetic devices in his poem â€Å"Mending Wall,† as well as many shifts in the speaker’s tone to develop his thoughts on traditions. The three predominant tones used are those of questioning, irony and humor. The speaker questions many things in relation to the wall that is being rebuilt. For example, â€Å"Something there is that doesn’tRead MoreRobert Frosts Mending Wall1210 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis Mending Wall, By Robert Frost In Mending Wall, Robert Frost uses a series of contrasts, to express his own conflict between tradition and creation. By describing the annual ritual of two neighbors repairing the wall between them, he contrasts both neighbors through their ideas and actions, intertwining the use of parallelism and metaphors, in order to display his own innermost conflict as a poet; the balance between what is to be said and what is to be left to the reader, the balanceRead More Analysis of Robert Frosts Mending Wall Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost’s Mending Wall In his poem Mending Wall, Robert Frost presents to us the thoughts of barriers linking people, communication, friendship and the sense of security people gain from barriers. His messages are conveyed using poetic techniques such as imagery, structure and humor, revealing a complex side of the poem as well as achieving an overall light-hearted effect. Robert Frost has cleverly intertwined both a literal and metaphoric meaning into the poem, using the mending of a tangibleRead MoreAnalysis of Frosts Mending Wall Essay704 Words   |  3 Pagesdamage of the wall. When he refers to something there â€Å"that doesn’t love a wall,† he is referring to a tree, which by nature is consistently causing damage to the wall. As the roots of the tree grow, it causes the frozen ground beneath the wall to swell, and â€Å"spills the upper boulders in the sun.† Clearly this tree has a problem with the wall, and yet the speaker and his neighbor continue to fix it every year. The speaker and the neighbor have two very different opinions about the wall. The speakerRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Robert Frosts Mending Wall1031 Words   |  5 PagesTo build a wall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mending Wall† is a poem written in Robert Frost’s second book of poetry, â€Å"North of Boston†. This poem tells a story about the so called crucial part of every piece of property, a fence, and the advantages and disadvantages that seem to come with having a fence in your property.This poem involves two neighbors who hold opposite answers as to weather the wall should stay or go. Though the speaker presents himself as an enlightened person and his neighbor as a foolish prisonerRead More The Themes of Robert Frosts Mending Wall Essay2147 Words   |  9 PagesRobert Frosts Mending Wall One of the major themes of Frosts Mending Wall is the cycle of the seasons. Several phrases refer to the seasons, particularly in a repetitive, cyclic way: spring mending-time, frozen ground-swell, once again, spring is the mischief in me. Another theme is parallelism or the lack of it. Sometimes this parallelism takes a physical form, associated with the wall, as we imagine the two men walking parallel paths: We meet to walk the line. We keep the wall between

The Major Issues and Conflicts on Bilingual Education Free Essays

Bilingual education was first initiated in 1968. It was a new means to educate the children who spoke a minority language. thirty-one years later the same problems exist for those children who speak a language other then English. We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Issues and Conflicts on Bilingual Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The experiment of Bilingual education has been a failure and now it†s time to move on. The first English only initiatives were brought forth in 1981 by newly elected president Reagan. Since then the conflict over Bilingual education has drove on. Currently twenty-three states have â€Å"English Only† laws with 4 states having laws that are pending. The issue of bilingual education and the conflict that surrounds it is primarily focused between whites and Hispanics, although since the mid 70†³s it†s also been involved with the Chinese and Mung cultures. Bilingual education has failed however, currently the movement is towards and English only educational system. The simple fact of the matter is that people who speak a language in this country will never get ahead. We†ve tested the ignorant notion that you could get by without speaking English; or speaking English very minimally, but that†s promoting and even more ignorant idea which is that you don†t need speak English fluently to succeed in America. In 1968 we didn†t know that Bilingual Education wouldn†t work, however, it†s time to move on and do the right thing and switch to English Only. Lyndon Johnson was president, we had the futile dream of world peace, at the same time we were â€Å"Bombing the North Vietnamese into the stone-age†. In the final year of LBJ†s presidency sever new education initives were taken as part of the last step in his â€Å"Great Society† programs. One of these new initives was Bilingual education. At the time it was supported by the Liberal whites in this country, for the most part the conservative Hispanic sect was opposed to such measures. The idea at the time was, kids would learn in their native language and simply pick up English gradually. Those ideas were radicalized in the 1970†³s however, the premise moved away from gradual learning of English; to English wasn†t really necessary. In 1981 Bilingual education came under assault from newly elected president Reagan proposed moving to the English Only system. The idea wasn†t viewed as Anti-Hispanic at the time, or as some kind of racist proposal. Reagan was adored by a majority of the Hispanic community, drawing unprecedented support among Latino voters. The issue of bigotry wasn†t brought forth until the Democrats were sent packing in Gingerich revolution of 1994. In 1999 the debate rages on another 4-5 states are preparing for an â€Å"English Only† law to go on the 2000 Election ballots. The assault on Bilingual Education will continue on. There have been several attempts to put an â€Å"English Only† amendment in to the constitution, all have failed. However, as public support for English only hits record highs an amendment maybe inevitable. The latest of the states to abolish Bilingual education was the state of California; not exactly a conservative state by any means. The controversial Prop 227 was passed by a significantly wide margin 61% to 39%. Prop. 227 was headed by Millionaire computer executive Ron Unz himself the son of immigrant parents. During the battle to pass Prop 227 Unz was called everything from a sell out to a White supremacist. The surrounding Bilingual education is now fueled by a Hispanic minority that refuse to adapt to American culture. They refuse to see the facts, Americans who do not speak English fluently have a poverty rate nearly 25% higher then Americans who speak fluent English. Their arguments are unsubstanciated, English only laws are not racist in nature. They†re attempting to create better equality a theory that you simply cannot call racist. By making children of parents who speak a minority language speak English, the people who are really benefiting are the children. By allowing children to think it†s perfectly ok to use their native languages in our society is promoting ignorance and poverty. American is run in English, twenty-four states publish all their information in nothing but English. To say that speaking another language and knowing very little English will get you anywhere in this country is stupid. Diversity is wonderful, however, it belongs in homes and not in our schools. American culture is speaking English and only English. America was formed on certain principals lad out with certain fundamental underlying assumptions, it always wasn†t possible for everyone to speak English, but the concept was that this is America and we speak English here. There are basically five arguments coming from opponents of English only education. They say it ignores our countries civil rights tradition; it fails to promote the integration of minority citizens into the American mainstream; it neglects the need for American merchants to be able to communicate with foreign markets; it restricts the ability of the Government to be able to reach all its citizens; as well as it raises constitutional concerns. The main supporters economically of Bilingual Education are the educators. The NEA and various other education groups spent nearly twice as much money trying to defeat Prop 227 in California then the groups supporting the initive spent. Why would they do this? It†s simple, MONEY, Bilingual education creates jobs for teachers and valued funding, no matter how right something is, teachers simply don†t turn against teachers. The thousands of positions bilingual education has created are now being eliminated. The only way they can preserve these jobs is by claiming that English only legislation is racially motivated and instills hostility towards minority groups who use another language other then English. I†m firmly in favor of English only. First, Bilingual education does not ignore our countries civil rights tradition. It†s simply stating that if you want to be ignorant, live in poverty, collect welfare and detract from society, that†s fine but you will do it on our terms. To say America also has a civil rights tradition is also questionable. Is this not the country where slavery was permitted for 300 years, where women couldn†t vote, and where abortions are readily available. People†s civil rights are being infringed on all the time, from a black slave to an unborn baby, there is no tradition of great civil rights in America. The second argument, it fails to provide integration of minority citizens into the mainstream is ridiculous. What†s more mainstream American a new Chinese immigrant speaking Chinese or one speaking English? The notion that allowing someone to speak a native language, is bringing them in to the mainstream is insane. Third, it doesn†t neglect the American Government from reaching it†s citizens. This is AMERICA we†re associated with English, we speak English, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in English, our laws are passed in English. Maybe if you can†t speak our language you don†t belong in our country. It†s also not the Government†s duty to reach out to the citizens, people are suppose to be self reliant, we don†t want the Government to reach into our lives. That†s why we had that little revolution against King George. If you really need the Government†s assistance you should reach out to them, something that would be pretty hard if you don†t speak English. Fourth, it does not neglect the ability of merchants to interact with foreign markets. We were dealing with foreigners a long time before Bilingual education and we will be doing so a long time after it†s elimination. Translators! Now that†s a noble idea, more practical then allowing 300 languages to exist. It†s also cheaper. Finally, our Constitution is written in English and since 1908 printed exclusively in English by the United States Government. Teddy Roosevelt said in 1908 that â€Å"To print the American Constitution in any other language but English, would be like spitting in the face of our forefathers†. The Untied States Supreme Court has also ruled numerous times that English only laws do not violate the 1st amendment of our Constitution. I personally believe that in our nation there needs to be a main language, not 3 or 4 or 1200. George Washington wasn†t giving orders at Valley Forge in Russian he was speaking English. Abe Lincoln didn†t give the Gettysburgh Address in Portuguese. It†s not to much to ask for every American citizen to be able to speak English fluently. No one is forced to live here, and if you refuse to adapt you probably shouldn†t be living here. If you want to speak German by all means go ahead and do so, but do it back in Germany. While you†re in America however, we speak English, and if you don†t know it you†re in trouble. The conflict is over rated. It†s not a matter of racism or of any other kind of hatred. It†s a simple matter of principle. American†s speak English it†s not to much to ask. How to cite The Major Issues and Conflicts on Bilingual Education, Papers

Knowledge Management Process-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically Analyse the Knowledge Management Process in the Organization. Answer: Introduction This is a report which will critically analyse the knowledge management process in the organization named Virgin Australia airlines. It is one of the largest airlines in the country and is one of the companies in the Virgin Group. The company commenced in the year of 1999 and sued the market conditions to gain competitive advantage to become the second largest airlines in Australia (Virgin Australia 2017). The airline is currently serving more than 28 cities in Australia. Initially it started as a low-cost airline but after serving the consumers for a considerable amount of time, the airlines have started its premium airlines where the consumers are provided with the option of choosing the type of service they want to avail. Knowledge management in Virgin Airlines Knowledge sharing The organization has been very much active in developing and implementing tools for managing the knowledge management processes. The organization has developed which are used for the communication of the workforce within the organization. These includes use of emails regarding the day to day operations which are of utmost priority and also include information which are important in the industry. Intranet is a tool which has been used for the platform for discussing the daily problems (Hislop 2013). The organization newspaper contains information for and of the various department that has been acting as the source of knowledge for the employees in the organization. The organization has provided the employees with e learning materials through internet and intranet which suggests that internal communications supported by the higher officials. The organization has their own sets of social networking applications which has helped to manage all the departments in a smoother way. This has h elped the cabin crew members to communicate with the engineers in an easier way (Liebowitz and Frank 2016). Knowledge management in strategic planning The organization has selected a group of employees among all the workforce to form a group which will identify the strategic issues in the organization. The managers were interviewed to identify the critical issues which includes the driving forces, uncertainties and the elements that have been predetermined. This has helped the organization to expand their business to different cities and maintain their sustainability in the market. Virgin Australia was able to predict the future possibilities due to implementation of strategy (Holtshouse 2013). Two tools have been used for being prepared for the future and predict the uncertainties is rich picture and storytelling. The story telling process involves sharing of knowledge regarding important aspect in form of stories where the other employees are allowed to participate to add inputs in to the story. This is innovative way of sharing knowledge and information among the workforce of the organization. These stories consist of topics abo ut the development of the organization, supportive actions and corporate governance. It also includes topic such as economic growth and data related to the past performance (Gottschalk 2016). This has facilitated in improving the business model and improve the organizational efficiency. The rich picture is pictorial depiction of the stories and the models which is used to link the various topics and analyse the significant impact of one model on the other. This sharing of information includes the possible change in the future world and how it will affect the industry. This is the basis of formation of new strategies which will be used to control the market environment and the consumers (Donate and de Pablo 2015). Knowledge management in improving consumer experience The formation of new strategies with the help of the knowledge management tool has the ultimate goal of providing the consumer with the desire experience. The organization started maintaining their own database related to their passengers which were initially stored in separate data centres (Cui, Griffith and Cavusgil 2013). The organization has implemented the ocean wave policy which is used for linking all the data across all the departments. This data is collected and is used for the formulation of the overall marketing strategy and communicating with the consumers to understand their needs and wants. Globalization has changed the perspective of the organizations and the market trends are changing at a fast rate. This means that the needs of the consumers are also changing at a rapid pace so it has become essential to identify the needs of the passengers to ensure competitive advantage and sustainability. This has facilitated in saving a large sum of cost and increase the profit m argin. The organization has developed online support platform which provides support in matters such as lost luggage and missed flights (Dayan et al. 2017). This platform is also used by the clients to provide feedbacks and register complains which has further helped to improve the organizational processes. The data that the organization has been able to collect and store is used for the benefits of the clients. The organization has included technology in the business model such as software for improving the time consumed for technical maintenance of the carriers. This ensured that the safety of the vehicles is kept and identify the technical issues at a faster rate. The software is able to monitor and save the updated and current information of all the flights which helps to share knowledge regarding each of the carriers. Moreover, the software that has been installed measures the level of the fuel and carbon emission which is used for de- icing the carriers in lower temperature (D aniele 2017). Knowledge management in operations Operational research is another crucial aspect of the organization which consist of analytical techniques of advanced level. These tools are sued for solving complex problems in the organization. These issues include the inefficient use of resources which is scarce and negative impacts on the operational procedures. The organizational objectives are linked with these mathematical models to analyse the various operational inadequacies. Soft operational process is one such process which is used to reach the depth of the problem to gain knowledge and share it with the rest of the department so that an adequate solution can be met. The analytical tools are used to structure the information that has been gathered in the form of knowledge resources so that it can shared with other departments and stored for later references (Conceio, Jensen and Broberg 2016). In order to this, the research team requires strategic choice, systems thinking and cognitive mapping and this has been used to gene rate more revenue for the organization. Information and capacity management, marketing, support operations and consumer service are the tools which is used for developing the knowledge management systems in the organization. The operational research experts identify the issue and access them to create structural model of the issues. These models are sent to the consultants and the members of the strategic committee for discussion. The purpose of the discussion is identification of the suitable solution to the problems and communicate the knowledge they have gained regarding a particular issue so that all the department can act upon it to resolve it as soon as possible. The problems that have been identified is also discussed with the consumers to understand their perspective which facilitates in gaining knowledge about their perspective and how it can be sued to mitigate the issue (Pilkington and Meredith 2017). Cognitive mapping is one of the most used processes for operational research which identifies the perspective of all the individuals so that it can be analysed and used in the special behaviour. Moreover, the organization shares information from the other airlines in the industry to identify the best organizational process and make improvements to the business model. Recommendations Thus, it is recommended that the organization is making use of the data that they have collected in an ethical way so that it does not hampers the privacy of their clients. The clients have their right to privacy so Virgin Airlines should sue secure networks and safe guard the important that they have obtained. Data theft and identity theft is a common phenomenon in todays world so it the duty of the organization to protect the client information. the organization will have to use innovation to develop more analytical tools which can be sued for evaluating the various issues. The organization will have to include integrative processes so that all the processes can be continuously measured, monitored and improved to provide competitive advantage. Employee engagement is an important factor in knowledge management so the organization will have to involve more and more of their workforce in to this knowledge management procedure to ensure more generation of revenue. Conclusion Thus, the above report shows that the knowledge management procedures in the organization are efficient and are used in all the important aspect of the business model of the organization. The organization has put more emphasis on the internal communication which has motivated their workforce and this has been able to provide the organization with the majority of the market share. However, even though Virgin Australia consist of knowledge management system which is efficient, the organization will have to keep on making improvements if they want to maintain their sustainability in the market. The organization have started reward systems for the employees who are more involved in knowledge management which will help in improving employee engagement. References Conceio, C.S., Jensen, A.R.V. and Broberg, O., 2016. Developing a framework to transfer knowledge from operations into engineering design projects: understanding the knowledge management challenge.Reports and Studies in Health Sciences, p.125. Cui, A.S., Griffith, D.A. and Cavusgil, S.T., 2013, May. The influence of competitive intensity and market dynamism on knowledge management capabilities of multinational corporation subsidiaries. American Marketing Association. Daniele, L., 2017.Knowledge management and Customer Relationship Management: analysis of processes and tools, and the way firms can take advantage of knowledge management to successfully implement a Customer Relationship Strategy(Bachelor's thesis, Universit Ca'Foscari Venezia). Dayan, R., Dayan, R., Heisig, P., Heisig, P., Matos, F. and Matos, F., 2017. Knowledge management as a factor for the formulation and implementation of organization strategy.Journal of Knowledge Management,21(2), pp.308-329. Donate, M.J. and de Pablo, J.D.S., 2015. The role of knowledge-oriented leadership in knowledge management practices and innovation.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.360-370. Gottschalk, P., 2016.Investigation and prevention of financial crime: Knowledge management, intelligence strategy and executive leadership. CRC Press. Hislop, D., 2013.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Holtshouse, D.K., 2013.Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. Liebowitz, J. and Frank, M. eds., 2016.Knowledge management and e-learning. CRC press. Pilkington, A. and Meredith, J., 2017. The Diffusion Network of Research Knowledge in Operations Management.International Journal of Operations and Production Management. Virgin Australia. 2017. Virgin Australia | Book flights holidays with Virgin Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.virginaustralia.com/au/en/ [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017].

The Treaty Of Versaille Essays - FranceGermany Relations

The Treaty of Versaille The Treaty of Versaille "It was neither a vindictive, harsh peace nor a lenient one, desdigned to reconcile." How far does this description of the Treaty of Versailles explain why it contained the seeds of the Second World War? In 1919, the major world powers met at the Paris peace conference to determine the fate of Europe at the end of World War 1. Europe was in turmoil. Five empires had disappeared, millions of people were dead, both military and civilians, and revolution fuelled by the forces of nationalism and socialism seemed ready to destroy the hopes of a future and lasting peace. The major world leaders were hoping to accomplish a miracle at Versailles, peace. Nevertheless, the conditions that they were faced with made that hope only more difficult not only in the writing of the treaty but also in reaching its objectives. The dream of a Settlement to satisfy both winners and losers was both impossible and contradictory. For Germany the outcome in years to come was the exact objective that the Treaty had tried all along to impede - domination of Europe. What went wrong? Why? These questions have plagued historians for years. If only the players had acted in a different fashion would the future outcomes have been different. Or was the situation of Europe such at the time that the future was fated no matter what. What did the leaders want to do? The Council of Five (Britain, the U.S., Italy, Japan and France) wanted to destroy Germany's power in Europe and to make her pay for the costs of war. They wanted peace but Germany was to pay for that peace, not only by reducing its army, reducing its fishing fleet and relinquishing part of its heavy shipping fleet, but also by ceding land, sending coal, livestock, machinery and money to those countries who had suffered by the war. Germany was pronounced to be the sole aggressor of the war and therefore it was Germany who had to 'pay the bill'. Supposedly, Germany was to be treated as an equal in Europe but at the same time, Germany was not invited to participate in the writing up of the Treaty. Rather, they were literally given the ultimatum to sign the treaty with no option whatsoever. Germany was to have an Allied Army in its land and they were to pay for that Army. How can these terms be considered to being treated as an equal? Furthermore the coal of the Saar region had to be sent to France for a period of fifteen years at the end of that time it would be decided under whose area of jurisdiction the Saar was to be under. Obviously the Treaty was written up in a way so as to diminish the power of Germany, at home and abroad. At the end, there was no abroad, since Germany lost all its colonies. What was the treaty like? The potential of Germany military and economic superiority in Germany was a strong threat to the writers of the Treaty. This had to be stopped at all costs. The easiest way for the writers of the Treaty to achieve this goal was to require financial retribution for the war. If Germany was stripped of its economy then industrial growth would not be possible. Furthermore if the fruit of that industry had to be sent to the countries who had suffered during the war, then Germany would produce for the victors and not for themselves. In this way, enough would be left for Germany to get by, but not enough for it to become a power again. Alsace-Lorraine was ceded to France. France was thrilled, if they had had their way; perhaps another area of Germany would have been ceded to them, the Saar, a major coal producing area. German rivers were internationalized. This is important in the feeling of humiliation of Germany because until that time, Germany was very closed and did not like foreign presence on their land, particularly in this way. The map of Western Europe was redrawn. Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Estonia, and Latvia were created. Many of these new countries had to accommodate substantial minorities within their borders. Families, who were once citizens of one nation, suddenly found themselves citizens of two different nations because of the new map. More importantly, large groups of German-speaking people suddenly found themselves as citizens of Poland and Czechoslovakia. It was very difficult for the writers of the Treaty to accomplish what they had set out to do because of many factors. To begin with, 27

Ronger Essays

Ronger Essays Ronger Essay Ronger Essay The Business School and the University regards as a very serious matter the action of a student who acts dishonestly or improperly, including plagiarism or cheating, in connection with his or her academic work. Under University Regulation 6. 1. 1 Plagiarism is defined as The presentation of the works of another person / other persons as though they are ones own by failing to properly acknowledge that person / those persons. Plagiarism may take many forms including: direct copying of sentences, paragraphs or other extracts from someone elses published work (including on the Internet and in software) without acknowledging the source; paraphrasing someone elses words without acknowledging the source; using facts, information, ideas, concepts or diagrams derived from a source without acknowledging them; producing assignments which should be the students own independent work, in unauthorized collaboration with and/or using the work of other people (e. . A student or tutor, or working in pairs or groups and producing similar assignments on individual assessment tasks not referencing accurately (e. G. To citing correctly the work you have actually read) and later using other students work (e. G. Taking discs, picking up others marked assignments) recycling your own work / assignments or double dipping (e. G. E-submitting whole or significant parts of assignments across units, across years or across courses) th e Internet for sale) which is intended for submission for assessment, or which has already been submitted, so that it can be copied in part or whole and handed in by another student as that students own work. Students are warned against making assignments etc. Available to others, as they then could be regarded as a contributor to plagiarism and may be penalized as if they themselves had committed an act of plagiarism. Students are expected to be proficient with referencing and must always acknowledge any sources for work that is not their own. Inadequate referencing of cited materials is considered to be plagiarism. Details of referencing can be found on the following University web address: http://queering. Ballard. Du. AU/gasp/student/ learning_support/generalized/chic. HTML or Ballard. Du. U/current-students/learning-and-study/student-learning- skills/resources/downloads/avoiding-plagiarism Students Statement I have read and understood the information provided on this assignment cover sheet relating to plagiarism and other unacceptable behavior and therefore declare that the attached work is entirely my own, except where work quoted is duly acknowledged in the text, and that this work has not been submitted for assessment in any other course or program. Signature Date c CROSS provider NO. 30TH

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Consumer law - Essay Example The importer of a product into any member state of the European Union may also be considered as a producer under the said directive.2 However, where the producer cannot be known or identified, the supplier of such a product is treated under the directive as the producer unless the identity of the producer or the one supplying the product can be identified by him.3 In the case at bar, if the buyer would identify specifically the manufacturer of Aquawash-09 in Korea, such manufacturer may be made liable under the directive. If not, the importer of such washing machine, specifically, Heinz which is a German Company, can be made liable under the EC directive. The buyer can therefore claim against the manufacturer, the supplier or both under the EC directive. Furthermore, under the EC directive, a defect in a product exists if the so-called objective test is established which includes â€Å"either or both the cost-risk analysis and the consumer’s expectation of safety.†4 A product is considered as defective under the EC directive if such product does not make available the safety which any person could â€Å"reasonably entitled to expect,† taking into account the following: â€Å"the presentation of the product, the use to which the product could reasonably be expected to be put, and the time when the product was put into circulation.†5 Defect may also be present in the design or the manufacturing of the product, in the failure to warn, in the instructions, and in the â€Å"developmental defects.†6 If then the product does not provide the level of safety which is expected by the consumer, it would then be considered as defective under the directive even though it functions under the designed specificati on.7 In the case at bar, the washing machine then may certainly be considered as defective not only because it did not function properly but because it does not provide for the level of safety reasonably expected from the product, as

Americas Best Colleges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Americas Best Colleges - Essay Example Aside from knowing the importance of choosing a reputable school, as an Economics major, I know that competition has become extremely great nowadays. The Information Age further intensifies competition to the next level, making it fiercer and tougher. The invention of the Internet has opened up numerous opportunities that I believe can be maximized only by those who have prepared well and decided to take up the more courageous and more exciting path. As a foreigner, at first I thought that by just studying in any school in the United States could already give me an edge that will secure my future success in my chosen career. With that burning desire, I struggled before to enroll in an American college. Fortunately, my efforts turned out to be fruitful. I successfully became a student of Fisher College here in Boston. But as I moved on as a student in that university, I realized that there are greater opportunities for academic growth outside it. As I become more familiar with the American school system, there was still a desire in my heart to get quality education that I need to further improve my future success. I also realized that the name and the reputation of the school really matter. This pushed me to research on the Internet on America's top universities that are found in or near Boston. On surfing the US News web site, I came across the name of Boston University Knowin

Victimology and Policing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Victimology and Policing - Case Study Example When the rest of the passengers moved towards them, they tried to escape. However, the bus driver was notified to close the doors and the two boys were trapped inside the bus. The police centre was notified about the incident. I, as a police officer, was sent to the area to identify and evaluate the conditions of the incident and provide the necessary support to the victim. We found the offenders in the bus and we arrested them. The victim was in a very bad psychological condition and was not able to describe the incident. She followed us to the police station where she described the conditions of the. Within short time - in about an hour - Yasaf left the police station with her parents, who were notified for the incident by the police officers. Yasaf and her parents were asked whether they are going to sue the two young boys; they replied negatively. When the police arrived at the place of the incident, the victim was under severe stress and mental trauma. In fact, the trauma was proved to be more psychological than physical. Apart from a few bruises, the victim did not have any damage in her health; however she was shocked that people in her age treated her in this way without any reason. The police officers were notified on the conditions of the attack which could be more dangerous without the immediate reaction of the other passengers. Her parents were also called and were notified on all the circumstances of the specific event. The victim and her parents decided not to proceed with criminal actions against the young people involved in the specific event. They only asked the police officers to make appropriate notice to them in order to avoid similar actions in the future. A police officer talked with Yasaf for about 30 minutes. She explained to Yasaf the potential motives of the offenders notifying that there was the case that they reacted in this way because they were drunk. 1.3 Circumstances related with the victim Yasaf used to travel in the same route every day. She never faced a risk of her life in the

Abortion In Mauritius Health And Social Care Essay

Abortion In Mauritius Health And Social Care Essay When does human life begin? In one sense this is a philosophical or religious issue, outside the realm of science. From a purely biological point of view the life of an individual begins when there is fertilisation. The birth of a child, no doubt, is a wonderful occasion. However women do abortion to limit births. Definition of abortion According to World Health Organisation, abortion is defined as an induced termination of pregnancy by use of medications or surgical interventions after implantation of the embryo and before the foetus is able to survive outside the maternal organism (before 22nd week of pregnancy). Types of abortion The term abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages. Worldwide 42 million abortions are estimated to take place annually with 22 million of these occurring safely and 20 million unsafely. While maternal mortality seldom results from safe abortions, unsafe abortions result in 70,000 deaths and 5 million disabilities per year. One of the main determinants of the availability of safe abortions is the legality of the procedure. Forty percent of the worlds women are able to access therapeutic and elective abortions within gestational limits. The frequency of abortions is, however, similar whether or not access is restricted. Abortion has a long history and has been induced by various methods including herbal abortifacients, the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. Contemporary medicine utilizes medications and surgical procedures to induce abortion. The legality, prevalence, and cultural views on abortion vary substantially around the world. In many parts of the world there is prominent and divisive public controversy over the ethical and legal issues of abortion. Abortion and abortion-related issues feature prominently in the national politics in many nations, often involving the opposing pro-life and pro-choice worldwide social movements (both self-named). Incidence of abortion has declined worldwide, as access to family planning education and contraceptive services has increased. Abortion in Mauritius Abortion is generally illegal in Mauritius under the Penal Code. Any person procuring an abortion or supplying the means to procure an abortion is subject to imprisonment for up to 10 years. Abortion in Mauritius is one of the taboo subjects even in 2010. Why abortion still taboo is can maybe be explained by the fear of open talks and some constraint that some cultures and religions put upon such talks. Since abortion is illegal in Mauritius and in this globalized world it is still considered as a taboo, there is very few empirical evidence on this issue in Mauritius. Women fear or sometimes are ashamed of talking on this issue. Sometimes after having an abortion done illegally that they make use of the contraceptives method. The study will provide an insight of the perceptions of young women on the issue of abortion. Rational of the study The purpose of this study is to provide an insight of the perception of the issue of abortion among young women in Mauritius since the rate of abortion is increasing and many women are having post abortion complications. Aims and objectives To evaluate the perception of the issue of abortion among young Mauritian women. To assess their understanding on the causes and consequences of abortion among young women. Chapter outline Chapter 1 is the introduction. It will give an introduction of abortion and will give and overview of what will the dissertation consist of. Chapter 2 is the literature review and it will give an overview of the situation. Chapter 3 is the methodology. It will give an overview of the methodology used to carry out the study. The study will be a qualitative study using in depth interviews as the perceptions of women are to be assessed. Chapter 4 is the report finding and analysis. In this chapter the findings will be presented and analysed by using graphs, charts. Chapter 5 is the conclusion and recommendation. Man, through the ages from primitive, non-literate societies to advanced, industrialized and sophisticated societies, has attempted to control conception by a variety of largely crude and rule-of-thumb methods. When he failed to prevent conception he tried to interrupt pregnancy. As a means of fertility, abortion is as old as humanity and probably occurs in all cultures. Throughout recorded history women have resorted to abortion to terminate unwanted pregnancies, regardless of moral or legal sanctions and often at considerable physical or psychological risk and cost. Definition of abortion Abortion means ending a pregnancy. There are different definitions of abortion and they are as follows: Medical and pro-choice communities definition The definition used by the medical and pro-choice communities is: the end of a pregnancy before validity of the fetus. i.e. the termination of the process of gestation after the time when the zygote attaches itself to the uterine wall (about 14 days after conception), but before the fetus is possibly capable of surviving on its own (currently 23 to 28 weeks from conception). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists definition According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has defined abortion as occurring before the 20th week (134th day) of gestation. There are two types of abortion: Accidental abortion: a termination of pregnancy before viability that occurs naturally, without medical intervention. This is commonly called a miscarriage by the public. Therapeutic abortion: a termination of pregnancy via the intervention of a physician through surgery or the use of RU-486 or some other medications. Pro-lifers definition Pro-lifers sometimes define abortion as an intentional interruption of the development process, at any time from conception to birth. Definition from Wikipedia An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced. Statistics on abortion According to World Health Organisation, every year in the world an estimated 40-50 million women faced with an unplanned pregnancy decide to have an abortion. 20 million of them resort to unsafe abortion, often self induced or obtain clandestinely. These unsafe abortions are carried out by untrained person under poor unhygiene conditions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day. Worldwide in 1995, there were approximately 45.5 million abortions. Of these 19.9 million were unsafe or clandestine abortions and about 25.6 million abortions took place in countries where the procedure is legal under a broad range of conditions. Why seek an abortion? An unwanted or unplanned pregnancy is at the start of the abortion decision making process. Some of the most commonly declared reasons for having an abortion are the following: (Alan Guttmacher Institute. Aborto clandestine: una realidad Latinoamericana. New York, The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1994 (in Spanish)) A woman is unable to raise a child because she and her partner receive a low salary, have unstable jobs or are unemployed or are students The relationship between the women and her partner is unsufficiently stable for the couple to be sure of raising children together or because the man stopped providing emotional and economic support to the women when the pregnancy was discovered. The women or the couple have all the children they want or they want another child but not at this time The pregnant adolescent or unmarried woman fears rejection by her family and society Some young single women wish to attain a certain level of personal satisfaction before becoming mothers In certain cases, the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest or the fetus is abnormal. Other reasons why women decide to terminate their pregnancy are as follows: They do not want more children or want them later on They are not married Their contraceptive method failed A child would disrupt their education or ability to work They cannot afford to raise a child Their relationship with their partner is bad They are too young Their parents objects They do not want their parent to know Methods of doing an abortion Many women are confronted with an unwanted pregnancy resort to a variety of techniques to induce an abortion. Many of these procedures begin in the womans home and end in the hospital emergency room. They may include self-administered abortifacients taken orally or administered vaginally. When women turn to others for help, the uterus may be manipulated by an unqualified person who may introduce a probe, catheter or sharp object to cause an abortion. Private physicians and other medical, paramedical and pharmaceutical facilities may also provide abortion services for a fee, using high-dose oral or injected hormone treatments such as misoprostol, aralen, quinine or oxytocins illegally. Millions of women through the centuries have followed old wives tales about drugs that produce abortion. Many have been the primitive, painful and dangerous methods used for abortion. Historically both tribal and urbanized societies have employed a variety of methods to end unwanted pregnancies. German Greer in her book Sex and Destiny described some of the abortion methods used throughout the world. They include the application of pressure outside the womb using logs and rocks, jumping on the womens abdomen as well as internal methods such as the ingestion of highly toxic chemicals and the use of various implements inside the uterus. In todays more industrialized societies technology has simplified the abortion procedure to a few basic, safe methods. For example medical and surgical abortion methods. Medical abortions use medications to end the pregnancy. This can be accomplished with a variety of medications given either as a single pill or a series of pills. It is commonly known as the Abortion Pill RU486 (brand name Mifeprex). Medical abortion causes an early abortion through the combination of the two medications, mifepristone and misoprostol. In Mauritius, it is commonly known as Cytotec. Some examples of surgical abortion methods are: Vacuum Aspiration and Dilation and Curettage: This abortion procedure, also known as DA or suction aspiration, uses gentle suction to remove all of the pregnancy tissue. Additionally, dilation and curettage or DC, may be necessary after a vacuum aspiration. In this procedure, a separate curette (a spoon-shaped instrument) may be used to help remove any remaining tissue that may be lining the uterus. Dilation and Evacuation (DE): This method uses the same procedures as DC procedure while also using additional surgical instruments (such as forceps). A DE abortion is usually performed during the second trimester of a pregnancy (roughly 13 to 24 weeks since conception). Induction Abortion This procedure is used to end a second or third trimester pregnancy through the use of medications that trigger the start of contractions. This, in turn, expels the fetus from the uterus. Induction abortions must be done in a hospital, so that the woman can be monitored during the entire procedure. During this procedure, a woman will undergo all the steps of delivery and childbirth. Induction abortions are usually only performed if there is a medical problem or illness present in the fetus or the pregnant woman. Intact Dilation and Extraction This method is performed after 21 weeks of pregnancy and is also referred to as DX, Intact DX, Intrauterine Cranial Decompression and Partial Birth Abortion. This abortion procedure takes about 2 to 3 days and results in the extraction of an intact fetus. Risks associated with abortion Abortion may impair a womens health through a variety of early and late somatic complications, which may occur at the time of the abortion or soon thereafter or which may be discovered much later, perhaps in connection with another pregnancy or with efforts to become pregnant again. Studies in Hungary and in Japan have shown that premature births tend to occur more frequently among women who have had induced abortions than among women who have not had them. Death According to the best record based study of deaths following pregnancy and abortion, a 1997 government funded study in Finland, women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies to term. In addition, women who carry to term are only half as likely to die as women who were not pregnant. The leading causes of abortion related maternal deaths within a week of the surgery are hemorrhage, infection, embolism, anesthesia, and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies Breast cancer The risk of breast cancer almost doubles after one abortion, and rises even further with two or more abortions.   Cervical, ovarian, and liver cancer   Women have had an abortion done face the risk of cervical cancer, compared to non-aborted women. Ovarian and liver cancers have also been linked to single and multiple abortions. These increased cancer rates for post-aborted women are apparently linked to the unnatural disruption of the hormonal changes which accompany pregnancy and untreated cervical damage.   Uterine perforation The risk of uterine perforation is increased for women who have previously given birth and for those who receive general anesthesia at the time of the abortion. Uterine damage may result in complications in later pregnancies and may eventually evolve into problems which require a hysterectomy, which itself may result in a number of additional complications and injuries including osteoporosis.   Cervical lacerations:   The risk of cervical damage is greater for teenagers, for second trimester abortions, and when practitioners fail to use laminaria for dilation of the cervix.   Placenta previa Abortion increases the risk of placenta previa in later pregnancies (a life threatening condition for both the mother and her wanted pregnancy) by seven to fifteen fold. Abnormal development of the placenta due to uterine damage increases the risk of fetal malformation, perinatal death, and excessive bleeding during labor.   Complications of labour Induced abortion not only increased the risk of premature delivery, it also increased the risk of delayed delivery. Women who had one, two, or more induced abortions are, respectively, are more likely to have a post-term delivery (over 42 weeks). Pre-term delivery increases the risk of neo-natal death and handicaps. Handicapped newborns in later pregnancies Abortion is associated with cervical and uterine damage which may increase the risk of premature delivery, complications of labor and abnormal development of the placenta in later pregnancies. These reproductive complications are the leading causes of handicaps among newborns.   Ectopic pregnancy Abortion is significantly related to an increased risk of subsequent ectopic pregnancies. Ectopic pregnancies, in turn, are life threatening and may result in reduced fertility. Endometritis Endometritis is a post-abortion risk for all women, but especially teenagers are more likely to acquire endometritis following abortion.   Immediate complications   The nine most common major complications which can occur at the time of an abortion are: infection, excessive bleeding, embolism, ripping or perforation of the uterus, anesthesia complications, convulsions, hemorrhage, cervical injury, and endotoxic shock. The most common minor complications include: infection, bleeding, fever, second degree burns, chronic abdominal pain, vomiting, gastro-intestinal disturbances, and Rh sensitization. Clients and abortion provider Clients are usually referred to a provider by a family member or friends who have used the service before. Sometimes the help of intermediaries such as person from the community, a chemist or a lay health provider may be sought. This informal information network is the main source of accessing services in illegal contexts. Women do not always obtain satisfactory services from the first provider they visit and sometimes refuse a service because the cost is prohibitive. In contexts of illegality or poor availability of services the choice of provider is limited but where options exists, women demonstrate a concern for quality of care and safety. Frequently mentioned reasons for choosing a particular provider include the fact that he or she is known to be experienced in performing abortions. A variety of techniques to induce abortion are used depending on the type of provider. Traditional methods vary widely and range from abdominal massage to insertion of roots, twigs, catheter, holy water, bitter concoctions etc. Many service providers ignore the psychological needs of women undergoing abortion or post abortion care and focus only on the physical aspect of the abortion. Motives and attitudes of providers tend to vary considerably and are not always focused on providing appropriate abortion-centered care. In a study in a public hospital in Mexico in 1998 where women were admitted with incomplete abortions were interviewed, it was reported that these women often felt considerable worry, fear, and /or guilt in addition to physical pain, that the staff were short of skills and time, and in many cases showed little interest in providing a minimally dignified encounter. Cost and abortion Unwanted pregnancy is a social problem of major urgency to society and of central important to individual women who must accept the consequences or seek alternative solutions. The cost of a legal abortion varies from country to country. For example, in Romania, the price of an abortion is less than US$3 public clinics but may be as much as US$15 in private clinics. In Armenia, abortion was provided free of charge until August 1997; since then, the charge has increased gradually form about US$7.50 in 1997 to approximately US$9 in 1999 and general anesthesia raises the charge to approximately US$13.50. In Lithuania, abortions under 6 weeks gestation cost approximately US$15; those beyond 6 weeks gestation cost approximately US$22. Private practices also offer abortion services ranging from US$100 for vaccum aspiration to US$200 for dilation and curettage. In the Russian Federation although abortion is theoretically free of charge, prices may reach US$50 in some clinics. A study was carried out on induced abortion in Mauritius (Study on induced abortion in Mauritius: Alternative to fertility regulation or emergency procedure? July 1993. A total number of 475 women who had undergone an abortion were interviewed. 7.1% of the women obtained abortion by aspiration. Aspiration is done mainly by private doctors and is accessible only to those who could afford to pay for the procedure. The cost varied from Rs 1000 and Rs 4000 depending on the expertise and qualifications of the doctor. Historical evolvement of abortion The practice of abortion dates back to ancient times. Pregnancies were terminated through a number of methods, including the administration of abortifacient herbs, the use of sharpened implements, the application of abdominal pressure, and other techniques. The first recorded evidence of induced abortion is from the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus in 1550 BC. A Chinese record documents the number of royal concubines who had abortions in China between the years 500 and 515 BC. According to Chinese folklore, the legendary Emperor Shennong prescribed the use of mercury to induce abortions nearly 5000 years ago. Many of the methods employed in early and primitive cultures were non-surgical. Physical activities like strenuous labor, climbing, paddling, weightlifting, or diving were a common technique. Others included the use of irritant leaves, fasting, bloodletting, pouring hot water onto the abdomen, and lying on a heated coconut shell. Evolution of abortion related laws in some countries Historically laws on abortion have been influenced by religious attitudes that consider abortions a sin. Women seeking and obtaining abortion were considered perpetrators of a wrong. The extent to which a woman has a legal right to determine the fate of her pregnancy is differently interpreted in the different countries. Societies attempted to restrict the practice of abortion, partly on religious and moral grounds but undoubtedly largely because the primitive methods available until relatively recently resulted in the death or maiming of large numbers of women. Despite often severe penalties on abortionist and aborted women alike and the high risk of illness and death, abortion continued to be employed. With the evolution of medical science, safer methods of abortion emerged, thus removing one of the principal bases for restricting abortion. Changing religious and moral views, coupled with the realization in many societies that illegal abortion using primitive and dangerous methods is wide spread, lead some countries to liberalize their abortion laws. Termination of pregnancy at the request of the women was first legalized in the Soviet Union on November 8 in 1920. Historically abortion was legalized in most Eastern European countries following the 1920 Soviet Union. In 1920 Lenin legalized all abortions in the Soviet Union. In 1931 Mexico was the first country in the world to legalize abortion in case of rape. 1932 Poland was the first country in Europe outside Soviet Union to legalize abortion in cases of rape and threat to maternal health. In 1935, Iceland became the first Western country to legalize therapeutic abortion under limited circumstances. In 1935, Nazi Germany amended its eugenics law, to promote abortion for women who have hereditary disorders. The law allowed abortion if a woman gave her permission, and if the fetus was not yet viable, and for purposes of so-called racial hygiene. In 1969, Canada passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, which began to allow abortion for selective reasons. In 1971, the Indian Parliament under the Prime Ministership of a lady Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, passes Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 (more commonly referred to as simply MTP Act 1971). India thus becomes one of the earliest nations to pass this Act. The Act gains importance, as c India had traditionally been a very conservative country in these matters. In 2007 the government of Mexico City legalizes abortion during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and offers free abortions. On August 28, 2008, the Mexican Supreme Court upholds the law. In 2008, the Australian state of Victoria passes a bill which decriminalizes abortion, making it legally accessible to women in the first 24 weeks of the pregnancy. In 2009, in Spain a bill was passed to decriminalize abortion, so as to make it legally accessible to women in the first 14 weeks of the pregnancy. The evolution of religious views on abortion Mans attitude towards abortion have ranged over a wide spectrum, from approval, bordering on encouragement to total prohibition and condemnation; all the way from the early civilizations Assyrian, Babylonian, Hindu, Greek and Roman to the present day. History is strewn with evidence that abortion has always been a subject of interest, if not of controversy. Provisions for abortion in almost all contemporary societies and the rituals prescribed in these societies, lead one to suspect that attitudes towards abortion are a part of a universal cultural process in the same manner as attitudes towards puberty or mating. Eastman has demonstrated the lack of historical correlation between the attitudes of societies towards abortion and their ethical conduct or intellectual sophistication. Our own attitudes towards abortion are thought to be derived from the commandment Though shalt not kill, and its Judeo-Christian interpretation. A major factor in the evolution of present-day attitudes towards abortion has its origin in the gradual breakdown of the repressive sexual mores of the Victorian Age. An important cause of this change and one which has received little attention, is the devastating effect of the First World War which left in its wake disillusionment and loss of hope in a social system whose values, buttressed by a Victorian moral code, had brought on the slaughter. Weisner (7, p.24) notes that the concept of the phase in which the fetus is imbued with life varies according to culture. The degree of approval or disapproval of induced abortion will depend in part on this concept. For 70% of weisners Chilean study population, life does not begin at the moment of conception but is generally defined as beginning somewhere between the first and third month of the pregnancy; the state prior to this is considered a blood clot formation. The early Christians views The attitude of early Christians is that anything that interrupted human life, be it contraceptive potion or poison or abortion was disapproved of and denounced as murder. The Catholic views The Catholic Church believes that life begins at conception and therefore the removal of a zygote, embryo or foetus is considered as murder and is hence forbidden. The Hindu views The Hindu scriptures from the vedic age down to the Smritis (100 BC-AC100) called it bhruna-hatya (foetus murder) or garbha-hatya (pregnancy destruction) and condemned it as a serious sin. The Jewish views The popular Jewish wisdom of the Sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides (written between 50 B.C and A.D 50) says that a woman should not destroy the unbirth babe in her belly nor after his birth throw it before the dogs and vultures as a prey. Similarly the first century Jewish historian and apologist Josephus wrote The law orders all the offspring to be brought up, and forbids women either to cause abortion or to make away with the foetus. A woman convicted of this was regarded as having committed an infanticide, because she destroyed a soul and diminished the race. Abortion law in Mauritius The legal provisions governing abortion in Mauritius are a result of the intermingling of elements of French and English law. The French ruled Mauritius from 1721 to 1810, while the British ruled from 1810 until independence was attained in 1968. The provisions of the Penal Code dealing with abortion are derived directly from the French Napoleonic Penal Code of 1810 and from the British Offences against the Person Act of 1861. They were not modified by the 1938 revision of the Penal Code of Mauritius. Abortion is generally illegal in Mauritius under the Penal Code. Any person procuring an abortion or supplying the means to procure an abortion is subject to imprisonment for up to 10 years. A similar punishment is prescribed for a woman who induces her own abortion or consents to its being induced. Physicians, surgeons and pharmacists who facilitate or perform an abortion are also subject to imprisonment. Nonetheless, under general criminal law principles of necessity, an abortion may be performed to save the life of the pregnant woman. Abortion in Mauritius Abortion is the dread secret of our society. It has been relegated for so long to the darkest corners of fear and mythology that an unwritten compact virtually requires that it remains untouched and undiscussed so writes Lader in the introductory remarks of his 1966 work on abortion. Abortion, unlike many countries, is illegal in Mauritius is not permitted under any circumstance. Despite these strict legal parameters, clandestine illegal abortions are being performed in all corners of the island, by untrained doctors, nurses, midwives and wise women, and mostly under unsafe conditions. There are no reliable statistical data available on the number of abortions performed in Mauritius. More than 2,800 post abortion complication cases have been registered in Government hospitals in 2000. The number of abortion is estimated to range between 15,000 to 20,000 and almost equal to the number of live births annually (Mauritius Research Council Biomedical Research, September 2001 pg 33). Any form of abortion which is defined as the termination of pregnancy is illegal in Mauritius yet a large number of cases are admitted at hospitals and clinics following complications of abortions. A Mauritius family planning official has estimated that there is one abortion for every live birth. Among 2008 official cases of post abortion complication registered in 1997, 798 occurred among youth below the age of 24 years old. Mauritius has a high incidence of unsafe abortions because of unprotected intercourse experienced by many young women in a rapidly industrializing environment. The Mauritius Family Planning Association (MFPA) tackled the issue of unsafe abortion in 1993. The MFPA organized an advocacy symposium in 1993 on unsafe abortion. The advocacy campaign of the MFPA consists of having abortion legalized on health grounds and improving family planning services, especially for young unmarried women and men. The full support of the media was secured on the abortion issue: articles appeared, meetings were attended by the press, and public relations support was also received from them. The MFPA worked closely with parliamentarians. A motion was tabled in 1994 in the National Assembly which called for legalization of abortion on health grounds, but the Church squelched its debate. In March 1994 MFPA a conference on Unsafe Abortion in Mauritius with the participation of over 100 representatives from 2 0 countries. Studies on abortion in Mauritius It is estimated that each year there are some 20,000 cases of induced abortion, which is illegal in the country. Since abortion services are illegal, post abortion services addressing complications are often a womans only point of contact with the public health sector. A study was carried out on induced abortion in Mauritius (Study on induced abortion in Mauritius: Alternative to fertility regulation or emergency procedure? July 1993. A study based on a sample of 475 women admitted to three hospitals with complications due to induced abortion revealed considerable use of unreliable methods (e.g., withdrawal and natural methods), frequent method switching, and inconsistent use of modern methods. The study also found that women seeking abortion were usually under 30 years of age, and 20% of women with abortion complications were not using any method, and some 50% were using an unreliable method at the time they become pregnant. It emerged that with increasing numbers of women employed, their work schedules hindered their going to a family planning clinic and resulted in abortion being used as a

The Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis :: Willis Runaway Brain Essays

The Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis Christopher Wills has written a fascinating chronicle of human evolution in a style that will keep the reader glued to the book to find out what happened next. The Runaway Brain is organized into four sections. First Wills addresses The Dilemmas, the many problems that students of evolution encounter mainly from public perception of the subject and from the many prejudices of those involved with the work. The question of where our species first appeared is a particularly contentious one, although it is now widely accepted that the species originated out of Africa. There are, regardless, those who still disagree and especially at first, many dismissed an African origin out of hand. Wills' second main issue is that of the transition to actual "humanity" and if it occurred once or twice. As he discusses in the chapter entitled "An Obsession with Race", those who deride those of African descent often use the multiple origin theory as one that justifies racism. Wills decries this abu se of the science and firmly argues against those that would use evolution to further racist propaganda. He also takes issue with those who insist on believing that all of humanity came from one Eve and one Adam, instead putting forth the theory of the "mitochondrial Eve"; that we all descend from the mitochondrial DNA, but that we do not in fact descent from two individuals. Wills' own slant on the issue is that humans are involved in a feedback loop which he calls the "runaway brain". Wills claims that humans are unique in that they have culture which has developed. The culture injects an otherwise unknown into the evolutionary process. Humans, Wills says, had advanced brains which allowed them to create a complex culture. The culture challenged their brains and led to more complex brains as the species involved. This process continued to repeat and is still repeating today. This is what Wills claims is driving us towards our ultimate best. The second section of the book is titled The Bones and tells the story of the archeological remains of the ancestors of humanity. Wills creates a fascinating tale as he describes the lives, feelings and desires of the people involved in finding these bones. Not only does he describe the find and its significance to the understanding of evolution, he also tells the story of the finder making the section more of a human drama than a dry telling of facts. The Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis :: Willis Runaway Brain Essays The Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis Christopher Wills has written a fascinating chronicle of human evolution in a style that will keep the reader glued to the book to find out what happened next. The Runaway Brain is organized into four sections. First Wills addresses The Dilemmas, the many problems that students of evolution encounter mainly from public perception of the subject and from the many prejudices of those involved with the work. The question of where our species first appeared is a particularly contentious one, although it is now widely accepted that the species originated out of Africa. There are, regardless, those who still disagree and especially at first, many dismissed an African origin out of hand. Wills' second main issue is that of the transition to actual "humanity" and if it occurred once or twice. As he discusses in the chapter entitled "An Obsession with Race", those who deride those of African descent often use the multiple origin theory as one that justifies racism. Wills decries this abu se of the science and firmly argues against those that would use evolution to further racist propaganda. He also takes issue with those who insist on believing that all of humanity came from one Eve and one Adam, instead putting forth the theory of the "mitochondrial Eve"; that we all descend from the mitochondrial DNA, but that we do not in fact descent from two individuals. Wills' own slant on the issue is that humans are involved in a feedback loop which he calls the "runaway brain". Wills claims that humans are unique in that they have culture which has developed. The culture injects an otherwise unknown into the evolutionary process. Humans, Wills says, had advanced brains which allowed them to create a complex culture. The culture challenged their brains and led to more complex brains as the species involved. This process continued to repeat and is still repeating today. This is what Wills claims is driving us towards our ultimate best. The second section of the book is titled The Bones and tells the story of the archeological remains of the ancestors of humanity. Wills creates a fascinating tale as he describes the lives, feelings and desires of the people involved in finding these bones. Not only does he describe the find and its significance to the understanding of evolution, he also tells the story of the finder making the section more of a human drama than a dry telling of facts.

Friabililty Test of Mefenamic Acid Tablets

One of the testing criteria of mechanical strength of tablets tablet friability testing. Tablets must be able to withstand mechanical stresses during their manufacturing, distribution and handling by the end-user. During the process of coating, transportation, packing and processing tablet, tablet will lose some weight. Because of that, the friability test is performed in the pharmaceutical industry to test the tendency of a tablet breaking into smaller pieces during transit.It includes repeatedly dropping a sample of tablets over a fixed time by using friability tester and then checking whether any tablets are broken, and calculate the percentage of loss weight of tablets. A good compressed tablet should not loss more than 1% of its weight. Based on this experiment, after the operation ended, the weight loss of tablets is 0. 0395g which is equivalent to 0. 68% loss from its weight. This means, those tablets are good quality and strong tablets which then can endure the stresses.There are maybe some error during handling the experiment that can lead to incorrect results. After operation ended, the tablets are not fully cleaned from dust which is affect the result. When finished, the samples have to be de-dusted first before weigh again. CONCLUSION The percentage loss of weight of samples is 0. 68%. The samples are good quality tablets because the percentage loss of weight are not more than 1%. 1. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Friability 2. http://www. anabiotec. com/testing/detail/hardness-friability-disintegration

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 21

An Acceptable Form of Coping In the cloud room, I pick the black recliner because I am feeling a little depressed. For a few minutes I don't say anything. I am worried that Cliff will send me back to the bad place if I tell him the truth, but I feel so guilty sitting there – and then I'm talking at Cliff, spilling everything in a wild slur of sentences: the big Giants fan, the little Giants fan, my fistfight, the Eagles' loss to the Giants, my father smashing the television screen, his bringing me the sports pages but refusing to speak with me, my dream about Nikki wearing a Giants jersey, Tiffany saying â€Å"Fuck Nikki† but still wanting to run with me every day; and then Nikki teaching Sylvia Plath to defenseless teenagers, my ripping The Bell Jar in half, and Sylvia Plath sticking her head in an oven. â€Å"An oven?† I say. â€Å"Why would anyone stick their head in an oven?† The release is powerful, and I realize now that somewhere in the middle of my rant I had begun crying. When I finish speaking, I cover my face, because Cliff is my therapist, yes, but he is also a man and an Eagles fan and maybe a friend too. I start sobbing behind my hands. All is quiet in the cloud room for a few minutes, and then Cliff finally speaks, saying, â€Å"I hate Giants fans. So arrogant, always wanting to talk about L.T., who was nothing but a dirty rotten cokehead. Two Super Bowls, yes, but XXV and XXI were some time ago – more than fifteen years have passed. And we were there just two years ago, right? Even if we did lose.† I am surprised. I was sure Cliff was going to yell at me for hitting the Giants fan, that he would again threaten to send me back to the bad place, and his bringing up Lawrence Taylor seems so random that I lower my hands and see that Cliff is standing, although he is so small his head is not much higher than mine, even though I am sitting down. Also, I sort of think he just implied that the Eagles were in the Super Bowl two years ago, which would make me very upset because I have absolutely no memory of this, so I try to forget what Cliff said about our team being in the big game. â€Å"Don't you hate Giants fans?† he says to me. â€Å"Don't you just hate 'em? Come on now, tell the truth.† â€Å"Yeah, I do,† I say. â€Å"A lot. So do my brother and father.† â€Å"Why would this man wear a Giants jersey to an Eagles game?† â€Å"I don't know.† â€Å"Did he not think he would be mocked?† I don't know what to say. â€Å"Every year I see these stupid Dallas and Giants and Redskins fans come into our house wearing their colors, and every year these same fans get manhandled by drunken Eagles fans. When will they learn?† I am too shocked to speak. Does this mean Cliff is a season-ticket holder? I wonder, but do not ask. â€Å"Not only were you defending your brother, but you were defending your team too! Right?† I realize that I am nodding. Cliff sits down. He pulls the lever, his footrest comes up, and I stare at the well-worn soles of his penny loafers. â€Å"When I am sitting in this chair, I am your therapist. When I am not in this chair, I am a fellow Eagles fan. Understand?† I nod. â€Å"Violence is not an acceptable solution. You did not have to hit that Giants fan.† I nod again. â€Å"I didn't want to hit him.† â€Å"But you did.† I look down at my hands. My fingers are all squirmy. â€Å"What alternatives did you have?† he says. â€Å"Alternatives?† â€Å"What else could you have done, besides hitting the Giants fan?† â€Å"I didn't have time to think. He was pushing me, and he threw my brother down – â€Å" â€Å"What if he had been Kenny G?† I close my eyes, hum a single note, and silently count to ten, blanking my mind. â€Å"Yes, the humming. Why not try that when you feel as though you are going to hit someone? Where did you learn that technique?† I'm a little mad at Cliff for bringing up Kenny G, which seems like a dirty trick, especially since he knows Mr. G is my biggest nemesis, but I remember that Cliff did not yell at me when I told him the truth, and I am thankful for that, so I say, â€Å"Nikki used to hum a single note whenever I offended her. She said she learned it in yoga class. And whenever she hummed, it would catch me off guard. I would get really freaked out, because it is strange to sit next to someone who is humming a single note with her eyes closed – and Nikki would keep humming that single note for such a long time. When she finally stopped, I would be grateful, and I also would be more aware of her displeasure and more receptive to her feelings, which is something I did not appreciate until recently.† â€Å"So that's why you hum every time someone brings up Kenny – â€Å" I close my eyes, hum a single note, and silently count to ten, blanking my mind. When I finish, Cliff says, â€Å"It allows you to express your displeasure in a unique way, disarming those around you. Very interesting tactic. Why not use this in other areas of your life? What if you had closed your eyes and hummed when the Giants fan pushed you?† I hadn't thought of that. â€Å"Do you think he would have continued to push you if you had closed your eyes and hummed?† Probably not, I think. The Giants fan would have thought I was crazy, which is exactly what I thought about Nikki when she first used the tactic on me. Cliff smiles and nods at me when he reads my face. We talk a little about Tiffany. He says it seems as though Tiffany has romantic feelings for me, and he claims she is most likely jealous of my love for Nikki, which I think is silly, especially since Tiffany never even talks to me and is always so aloof when we are together. Plus Tiffany is so beautiful, and I have not aged well at all. â€Å"She's just a weird woman,† I say in response. â€Å"Aren't they all?† Cliff replies, and we laugh some because women truly are hard to figure out sometimes. â€Å"What about my dream? Me seeing Nikki in a Giants jersey? What do you think that means?† â€Å"What do you think it means?† Cliff asks, and when I shrug, he changes the subject. Cliff says Sylvia Plath's work is very depressing to read, and that his own daughter had recently suffered through The Bell Jar because she is taking an American literature course at Eastern High School. â€Å"And you didn't complain to administration?† I asked. â€Å"About what?† â€Å"About your daughter being forced to read such depressing stories.† â€Å"No. Of course not. Why would I?† â€Å"Because the novel teaches kids to be pessimistic. No hope at the end, no silver lining. Teenagers should be taught that – â€Å" â€Å"Life is hard, Pat, and children have to be told how hard life can be.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"So they will be sympathetic to others. So they will understand that some people have it harder than they do and that a trip through this world can be a wildly different experience, depending on what chemicals are raging through one's mind.† I had not thought about this explanation, that reading books like The Bell Jar helped others understand what it was like to be Esther Greenwood. And I realize now that I have a lot of sympathy for Esther, and if she were a real person in my life, I would have tried to help her, only because I knew her thoughts well enough to understand she was not simply deranged, but suffering because her world had been so cruel to her and because she was depressed, due to the wild chemicals in her mind. â€Å"So you're not mad at me?† I ask when I see Cliff look at his watch, which signifies our session is almost over. â€Å"No. Not at all.† â€Å"Really?† I ask, because I know Cliff is probably going to write all my recent failures down in a file as soon as I leave. That he probably thinks he has failed as my therapist – at least for this week. Cliff stands, smiles at me, and then looks out the bay window at the sparrow washing in the stone birdbath. â€Å"Before you leave, Pat, I want to say something very important to you. This is a matter of life and death. Are you listening to me? Because I really want you to remember this. Okay?† I start to worry because Cliff sounds so serious, but I swallow, nod, and say, â€Å"Okay.† Cliff turns. Cliff faces me. His face looks grave, and for a second, I am very nervous. But then Cliff throws his hands up in the air and yells â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhh!† I laugh because Cliff has tricked me with his funny joke. I immediately stand, throw my hands up in the air, and yell â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhh!† â€Å"E!-A!-G!-L!-E!-S! EAGLES!† we chant in unison, throwing our arms and legs out in an effort to represent each letter with our bodies, and I have to say – as stupid as it may sound – chanting with Cliff makes me feel a whole lot better. And judging by the smile on his little brown face, he knows the value of what he is doing for me.

Health Dissertation ideas - Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry The WritePass Journal

Health Dissertation ideas - Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry Introduction Pathology that causes metatarsalgia Health Dissertation ideas Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry ). Patients often describe their feeling of â€Å"lump† on the foot’s bottom. Significantly, these symptoms may rise when the infected carries out a weight-bearing activity. Reports indicate that closed-toed shoes, particularly the tight-fitting ones can lead to increase in symptoms, and patients report relief after they remove or change their shoes (Summers, 2010). Relief may also be experienced when the patient massages their foot or moves the toes around. Aetiology of this condition and how it would be recognised clinically Research has established that Morton’s neuroma is unique in terms of clinical diagnostic requirements or needs (Drury, 2011). This is because although patients frequently report symptoms such as numbness, there is evidence that sensory deficit may or may not be found when the patient goes through examination. Drury (2011) observes that there may be a demonstration of splaying or divergence of the digits when clinical presentation is carried out, and that more often than not little or no edema or inflammation can be observed clinically. Typically, reproducing pain with palpation to the intermetatarsal space is a normal activity, but care must be taken to put the pressure in the space, and avoid the metatarsal heads. There have been various clinical strategies to assist clinicians effectively diagnose Morton’s neuroma. Schreiber et al (2011); Faraj and Hosur (2010) report that patients may demonstrate a Mulder’s sign, which is provoked by squeezing the forefoot and conducting application of plantar and dorsal pressure. In other words, clinical test for Morton’s neuroma has all along been to   compress the foot by applying pressure to the medical and lateral aspects of the foot at the metatarsophangeal joints, which in turn puts pressure on nerves (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2010: 503). A positive clinical test outcome involves a pop or click that can be felt and heard at the same time. This pop or click is usually painful to the patient. There is a possibility of replicating symptoms of Morton’s neuroma in a process involving Gauthier’ test, where the forefoot is squeezed and medial to lateral pressure is applied (Beltran et al., 2010). Mayo Clinic (2010) has subsequently described a test consisting of hyperextending the toes and rolling the thumb of the examiner in the area of symptoms, a process that may identify a tender, thickened, and longitudinal mass of flesh. Clinical findings also indicate that Morton’s neuroma may also show Tinel’s sign as well as Valleix phenomenon (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman, 2012). The other pathway for detecting Morton’s neuroma is diagnostic testing. This process involves plain radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (Summers, 2010). Radiographs are routinely ordered to rule out musculoskeletal pathology, even though rise in proximity of the adjacent metatarsal heads is believed to result in increased pressure of the intermetatarsal nerve. Furthermore, Hause (2010) found no significant correlation between radiographic findings and the clinical presence of neuromas. In addition, there is the recommendation to use ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation of the interspaces (Hause, 2010). Drury (2011: 19) observes that there is a likelihood of a neuroma appearing as an ovoid mass with hypoechoic signal-mass to the long axis of the metatarsals. . Adams (2010), however, advises that although MRI is a useful diagnostic tool, it should always be reserved for atypical presentations or to eliminate multiple neuromas. Significantly, neuroma can be best identified on T1 weighted images, and it’s likely to come out as a well-demarcated mass with minimal signal intensity.   In summary, clinical diagnostic approach to identify Morton’s neuroma can be achieved by ensuring that examination and diagnostic testing has ruled out any other etiologies of symptoms. Conservative treatment intervention for Morton’s neuroma No best treatment interventions have been identified in the literature for treatment of Morton’s neuroma. Conservative intervention for Morton’s neuroma is considered to be one of the best treatments alternatives for the condition. However, some of the common conservative treatment options involve changing shoe type, use of metatarsal pads, and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, administering sclerosing alcohol injections, and surgically transposing the offending nerve (Summers, 2010). Many doctors and physical therapists have recommended that patients are put to rest for a specific period of time, and reduce activities that may elicit pain (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2012). Injections as an intervention Various clinical studies have exposed the need to consider injection as a better treatment option for Morton’s neuroma over other non-surgical treatment options available. In a study conducted by Drury (2010) different conservative treatment measures often produce similar results. In a small randomised prospective study of 23 patients, the researchers compared reduction in neuroma pain when supinatory or pronatory insoles are used. In the study, there was no explicit inclusion or exclusion criteria other than clinical diagnosis, and no participant or evaluator was considered blind to the intervention allocations. The study had 13 percent of the participants (two patients) drop out after one month into the experiment. After 12 months, pain in the supination and pronation insole groups reduced by 50 percent and 45 percent, respectively- a reduction considered insignificant. In another study, a physically active 25-year-old female with diagnosed symptomatic Morton’s neuroma was put through a massage therapy sessions. The six-session massage therapy involved a 60-75 minute weekly massage exercise involving postural alignment in addition to localised foot and leg treatment. The patient was also put to complete at-home daily exercise, with a weekly monitoring of change by the therapist who reassessed the patient’s posture and ensuring the client fills out a pain survey based on a Visual Analog Scale. The results indicated progressive change on the side of the client in terms of pain character. Specific patient report indicates that the pain character changed from burning and stabbing to dull and pulsing sensation after three sessions. There was also a reduction in pain during exercise. Although this study suggests that massage therapy is a significant treatment for Morton’s neuroma, its weakness is based on the fact that the treatment only involved one client. No study has indicated the effectiveness of the method on a larger randomised control studies. In a prospective randomised study involving 82 patients, the researchers compared steroid injections alone based on shoe modifications (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman 2012). Some of the recorded primary outcomes were patient satisfaction, which is basically the presence or absence of pain, the pain intensity, and return of pain afterwards. The results of the study indicated that steroid injections yielded better outcome in terms of patient satisfaction, compared with other conservative options such as shoe   modifications alone. In this study, 23 percent of shoe-modification patients achieved complete satisfaction after one month of intervention. This was significantly lower than the 50 percent of patients who experienced significant pain reduction after one month of steroid injection. After six months, 28.6 percent of the participants experienced satisfaction with shoe modification, significantly lower than 73.5 percent satisfaction amongst those who had received injection. Although the difference was significant lower after one year with 63 percent satisfaction with shoe modification and 82 percent with injection, the reduction could have occurred because patients were allowed to cross over after six months. The researchers observed that no complications were reported, although the study was limited by a high cross-over rate from shoe modification group to injection group after 6moths. Some studies have investigated other techniques such as the use of sclerosing effects of alcohol (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2012; Schreiber, 2011; Beltran, 2010; Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010), where delivery is done by multiple injections guided by ultrasound techniques over time. Improvements were reported in term of clients’ satisfaction with no long-term adverse effects   in various case series. It is mostly recommended that even as an injection is used as the chosen treatment option, other supplementary management options such as shoe adjustments and calf-stretching exercises should also be implemented concurrently. However, in case the conservative interventions fail to work, many patients may be advised to undergo surgery to remove the neuroma or just to release pressure from ligaments. Studies have, however, indicated that 15 to 20 percent of these surgeries will not relieve the patient from pain, and may also lead to various complications such as local post-surgery infections, scar tissue, and damage of soft tissues which may affect normal foot functions. It has also been established that there is a possibility of neuroma recurring after the surgery. Conclusion Whilst the exact cause of Morton’s neuroma is not known, the common belief is that it is caused by hypermobility of the metatarsals. This may also be aggravated by repetitive motions involving grinding of nerve bundle. The common symptoms are patients describing their feeling of â€Å"lump† on the foot’s bottom. These symptoms may increase when the patient engages in weight-bearing activity. Research has established that symptoms that may be associated with Morton’s neuroma may not necessarily mean a person is suffering from the complication. This is why clinical diagnosis is often recommended. One of the most common clinical strategies that may be beneficial to clinicians diagnosing Morton’s neuroma is patients demonstrating Mulder’s sign. A positive clinical test outcome involves a pop or click that can be felt and heard at the same time. Clinical findings also indicate that Morton’s neuroma may also show Tinel’s sign as well as Valleix phenomenon (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman, 2012). Although there are various conservative therapies used to manage Morton’s neuroma complications including rest, weight loss, and exercise for muscle strengthening, orthotics, massage therapy, physiotherapy, and manipulation, these methods are found to be very effective. It’s against this backdrop that injection is found to be a more effective way of managing the complication as reported by clients’ satisfaction studies. Injection may involve steroid injection, local anaesthetic injections or sclerosant injections. Injections have been found to yield better outcome in terms of patient satisfaction, compared with other conservative options such as shoe modifications alone. It has also been established that there are no complications reported in injections. Medical practitioners, however, recommend that patients may be advised to undergo surgical intervention in case conservative interventions fail to yield desired results. References Adams WR. (2010). Morton’s neuroma. Clin Podiatr Med Surg., (2)7: 535-545. Beltran LS, Bencardino J, Ghazikhanian V, Beltran J. (2010). Entrapment neuropathies III; lower limb. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol, 14: 501-111. Berry K, Gonzalez P, and Bowman RG. (2012). Physical Medicine and Treatment for Morton Neuroma. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/308284-overview [Accessed November 17, 2014.]. Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, et al. (2010). Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report, Chiropractic Osteopathy, 18(3):1–33 Drury AL. (2011). Use of homeopathic injection therapy in treatment of Morton’s neuroma. Altern Ther Health Med, 2(1) 17-48. Faraj A, and Hosur A. (2010). The outcomes after using two different approaches for excision of Morton’s neuroma. Chinese Medical Journal, 12 (3): 2195- 2198. Hauser R. (2011). A retrospective observational study on Hackett-Hemwall dextrose prolotherapy for unresolved foot and toe pain at an outpatient charity clinical in rural Illinois. J of Prolotherapy 2 (3): 543-551. Mayo Clinic. (2010). Morton’s Neuroma. [Accessed September 16, 2010]. Available from: mayoclinic.com/health/mortons-neuroma/DS00468. Published Updated October 5, 2010. Pastides P, El-Sallakh S, Charalambides C. (2012) Morton’s neuroma: A clinical versus radiological diagnosis. Foot Ankle Surg, 18: 22-4. Pace A, Scammell B, Dhar S. (2010). The outcome of Morton’s neurectomy in the treatment of metatarsalgia. Int Orthop, 3 (4):511-5. Schreiber K, Khodaee M, Poddar S, Tweed EM. (2011). Clinical Inquiry. What is the best way to treat Morton’s neuroma? Int Orthop, 60: 157-158. Summers A. (2010). Diagnosis and treatment of Morton’s neuroma. Emerg Nurse, 1(8): 16-17.